Novel Design

Research under way at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) could enable fixed-wing jet aircraft to take off and land at steep angles on short run­ways, while also reducing engine noise heard on the ground.

Airplanes of this type – called cruise-efficient, short takeoff and landing (CESTOL) aircraft – could use run­ways at much smaller airports, allowing expansion of commercial jet service to many more locations.

Enabling commercial jets to take off and land in ever-shorter distances is an ongoing goal for aircraft designers, and several approaches are under devel­opment. GTRI’s research could result in a CESTOL aircraft comparable to a Boeing 737 in size, with a similar ability to carry 100 passengers at up to 600mph.

“To take off or land on a short runway, an aircraft needs to be able to fly very slowly near the runway,” says Robert J. Englar, a principal research engineer who is leading the GTRI effort. “The problem is that flying slowly decreases the lift available for taking off and landing. What is needed is a powered-lift approach that combines low air speed with the in­creased lift capability required for successful CESTOL operation.”

The work is part of the NASA Hybrid Wing-Body Low-Noise ESTOL Program. This four-year program, funded by NASA and led by California Polytechnic State University, includes GTRI and several other team members. GTRI’s current work involves lead­ership of the aerodynamic and acoustic design for the program, along with development of large-scale models that will be used for wind-tunnel testing at government facilities.

At the heart of GTRI’s powered-lift design is cir­culation control wing – also known as blown-wing – technology. In this type of system, high-speed jets of air are ejected over the upper surface of the wings during takeoff and landing, creating an unprece­dented lift capability.

“Our design has to incorporate several trade-offs, yet the entire wing-engine powered-lift system has to perform all of its functions well,” Englar explains, who leads the aerodynamics portion of GTRI’s work.

Specifically, Englar says, the new design must:

• Generate a very high lift capability on takeoff and landing to allow short ground rolls and steep climb-out or approach flight angles;
• Yield lower drag at cruising speeds to achieve good fuel efficiency;
• Simplify the wing and downsize it for more ef­ficient cruise performance;
• Produce noise levels that are lower than a conventional passenger jet; and
• Be less complex overall than conventional designs.

To satisfy those requirements, the GTRI team placed turbo-fan engines above the wing of the con­ceptual CESTOL aircraft, rather than below the wing as on most commercial aircraft, explains Rick Gaeta, a former GTRI senior research engineer who had led the acoustic portion of the research.

Over-the-wing placement is a key design element because it enables very high lift while still providing the engine thrust necessary for takeoff and high-speed level flight. It also offers important reduced-noise benefits.

Based on this engine placement, the team’s powered-lift design maximizes performance using several interrelated elements.


Blown-Wing Design
In most fixed-wing aircraft, Englar explains, the upper surface of the wing curves. That curvature forces air to flow faster over the top of the wing, which reduces pressure on the upper surface of the wing, increasing wing lift. Mechanical flaps increase aft curvature, enlarg­ing the wing during takeoff and landing, and augmenting lift by deflecting the ambient wind stream flowing over the wing.

Nevertheless, the lift generated by conventional wings is not sufficient for the low flight speeds and steep ascents and descents required by CESTOL air­craft. The essential element in such extreme lift is circulation control/blown-wing technology. This approach can far exceed mechanical flaps in achieving high lift coefficient (a lift coefficient is a number that relates an aircraft’s total lift to its wing area and flight speed).

The GTRI team has designed a blown wing that is relatively simple mechanically. Unlike a conventional wing, which uses multiple flap elements, GTRI’s design uses only one small, relatively simple flap.

However, that single wing flap is used in tandem with a novel element based on circulation-control technology. A narrow slot, capable of pneumatically blowing out air, runs along the entire trailing edge of each wing, just above the flap. This system is powered by its own compressed air source located inside the wing.

The wing flap, which forms a sharp trailing edge during level flight to reduce drag, rotates downward on takeoff and landing. When rotated, it forms a highly curved aft surface and air from the slot can be blown over that curved surface to generate high lift.

This procedure, called flap-blowing, performs two functions: it increases air velocity over the top of the wing, and it deflects the ambient wind stream downward so that it curls under the wing. The combined forces generate a lift coefficient that can be two to four times higher than a conventional mechanical flap.


Entraining Jet Exhaust
To achieve even higher lift than flap-blowing alone, the GTRI design takes advantage of an additional phenomenon – the inter­action between the air coming from the wing slot and the exhaust of the plane’s over-the-wing jet engines.
During takeoff and landing, air flow from the slot interacts with the engine exhaust and pulls this powerful exhaust blast down onto the wing. This process, called entraining the exhaust, greatly increases the velocity of the air passing over the wing and results in highly augmented upward suction and lift.

“This strategy allows an aircraft to be flying at a very low speed, while the wing is seeing much higher relative wind speeds on its curved upper surface due to this blowing and thrust-entraining combination,” Englar states. “We have measured lift coefficients be­tween 8.0 and 10.0 on these pneumatic powered-lift wings at a level flight condition during testing. The normal lift coefficient on a conventional wing at a similar flight condition is less than 1.0.”


Reduced Noise
The benefit of an above-the-wing engine configuration is not limited to providing good short takeoff and landing (STOL) perfor­mance. It also provides two potential sources of noise reduction: en­gine-noise shielding and reduced noise footprint in the community.

Gaeta explains the noise-shielding issue by noting that to­day’s commercial jets have their engines under the wings. During takeoff and approach, a great deal of noise from these jets propa­gates downward unimpeded, while engine sound that does travel upward bounces off the wing and then reflects downward.

“By putting the noise source above the wing, there is the potential to shield the ground from engine noise, at least partially,” Gaeta says.

The critical design choice in noise shielding involves where to place the engine relative to the wing, he explains. Closer to the wing helps takeoff and landing performance, but it increases noise due to viscous rubbing of the jet exhaust stream acting along the wing upper surface. Further away from the wing is better from a noise perspective, but not as effective for takeoff and landing performance.

Finally, to the extent that placing the engine above the wing can shield exhaust noise, the engine needs to be placed as far for­ward as possible because maximum jet noise occurs at the exhaust exit, Gaeta says. Moreover, all of these design choices must not detract from the crucial issue of cruise performance.

The very nature of a STOL flight trajectory – steep takeoff and approach angles – offers another potential noise benefit. This trajectory keeps much of the offending noise closer to the airport environs.

Explains Gaeta: “By virtue of steeper takeoff and approach angles, the STOL aircraft can potentially keep its most offending noise within the airport boundary because it is farther from the ground when it passes over communities.”


Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
gtresearchnews.gatech.edu